Thermal modelling of friction stir welding

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Multiphysics modelling of manufacturing processes: A review (2018, methodology): “As an example, Schmidt et al.(12,13) developed an analytical/numerical model for simulating heat generation in friction stir welding (FSW), which is based on different assumptions of the contact condition between the weld piece and the rotating tool surface.”
Analysis of transient temperature and residual thermal stresses in friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 via numerical simulation (2011, background): “Schmidt et al. [ 5 ] proposed a general analytical model for heat generation based on two contact conditions at the tool/matrix interface, namely full sliding and full sticking condition.”
Recent advances in friction-stir welding : Process, weldment structure and properties (2008, background): “The decrease in temperature allows the material to recover it strength, thus permitting a steady temperature to be established below the solidus [104].”
Integrated modeling of friction stir welding of 6xxx series Al alloys: Process, microstructure and properties (2012, methodology): “Xu et al. [81], Fourment et al. [82–84], Buffa et al. [85], Schmidt and Hattel [86,87] and Zhang et al. [88] developed models based on solid mechanics (Lagrangian or Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian, ALE, formulations), which also provide an insight into the material flow during the process.”