How has Economic Restructuring Affected China???s Urban Workers?*

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Labor Market Outcomes and Reforms in China (2012, background): “The timing of this rise in unemployment is probably not captured accurately by these estimates because the significant restructuring of the state sector starting in the mid-1990s involved large-scale job losses well before 2002 (Appleton et al. 2002; Giles et al. 2006; Cai et al. 2009).”
Rising Wages: Has China Lost its Global Labor Advantage? (2010, unknown): “Unemployment was widespread, hitting older workers, women and those with less education particularly hard (Giles et al. 2006).”
How well do children insure parents against low retirement income? An analysis using survey data from urban China (2006, background): “Middle-aged workers with a choice typically opt for early-retirement, but the majority of early retirees report that their retirement was “involuntary” (Giles et al., 2006).”