Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Management of Obesity

By Steven B. Heymsfield, T. Wadden. New England Journal of Medicine, 2017

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Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments (2023, background): “Given their inexpensiveness and minimal side effects (28, 152, 153), lifestyle interventions are always the first option, or more precisely, the cornerstones for the management of obesity and T2DM (1, 154).”
Long-Term Outcomes After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Weight Loss at 10 or More Years for All Bariatric Procedures and a Single-Centre Review of 20-Year Outcomes After Adjustable Gastric Banding (2018, background): “The durability of weight loss is the key difference between medical weight loss programs and bariatric surgery [1, 2].”
Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for body fat distribution in 694 649 individuals of European ancestry (2018, background): “While higher adiposity increases morbidity and mortality (1,3), epidemiological studies indicate that the location and distribution of excess fat within particular depots are more informative than general adiposity for predicting disease risk.”