The Economic Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms

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The Haber Bosch–harmful algal bloom (HB–HAB) link (2014, background): “So too are the economic impacts to aquaculture, increased risks to human health and ecosystems, and losses to fisheries and ecosystem services due to HABs (Hoagland and Scatasta 2006).”
Approaches to monitoring, control and management of harmful algal blooms (HABs) (2009, unknown): “A conservative estimate of the average annual economic impact resulting from HABs in the US is approximately US$75 million over the period 1987–2000 [4].”
Non-infectious gill disorders of marine salmonid fish (2011, background): “Impact of HABs It has been estimated by Hoagland and Scatasta (2006) that the total cost of HABs in the USA averaged $82 million per annum during the period 1987–2000 when impacts on public health, commercial fisheries, recreation, tourism and monitoring where considered.”
Beyond the jellyfish joyride and global oscillations: advancing jellyfish research (2013, background): “simple input–output models to calculate the direct and indirect effects of jellyfish on different sectors (Hoagland and Scatasta, 2006).”
Harmful algal blooms: How strong is the evidence that nutrient ratios and forms influence their occurrence? (2012, background): “Similarly, economic impacts of HABs remain poorly understood (Hoagland and Scatasta, 2006).”