Hydrodynamic effects of leading-edge tubercles on control surfaces and in flapping foil propulsion

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Evolution of the streamwise vortices generated between leading edge tubercles (2016, methodology): “These structures were found to strengthen with increasing angle of attack (Stanway 2008).”
Performance Variations of Leading-Edge Tubercles for Distinct Airfoil Profiles (2011, methodology): “no flapping) except the one at the largest Reynolds number (Re 120; 000) [19].”
The effect of wavy leading edges on aerofoil-gust interaction noise (2013, background): “Several studies showed that leading-edge tubercles may lead to a more gradual stall and better post-stall performance than straight leading edges at the expense of marginal reduction in pre-stall performance [17–25].”
Performance and mechanism of sinusoidal leading edge serrations for the reduction of turbulence–aerofoil interaction noise (2017, background): “The significance of these vortices in affecting aerodynamic behaviour was also observed by Stanway (2008) in particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the flow in the vicinity of a serrated leading edge.”