Association between Recurrent Concussion and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment in Retired Professional Football Players

By K. Guskiewicz, S. Marshall, J. Bailes, M. McCrea, R. Cantu, C. Randolph, B. Jordan. Neurosurgery, 2005

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Recurrent concussion and risk of depression in retired professional football players. (2007, background): “TBI has also been identified as a potential risk factor for the occurrence (or early expression) of neurodegenerative dementing disorders, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson syndrome (1,11,13,28,29,36).”
The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury. (2012, neutral): “In line with these findings, American football players with a history of repeated concussions have a markedly increased risk for memory problems and cognitive impairment (Guskiewicz et al., 2005).”
American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport (2012, background): “Guskiewicz showed a higher incidence of mild cognitive impairment and depression in former National Football League athletes with a history of concussion compared to those who did not have a history of concussion.(42,208) Matser showed decreased performance on neuropsychological testing in athletes ”