Toxicity of silver nanoparticles - nanoparticle or silver ion?

By C. Beer, Rasmus Foldbjerg, Y. Hayashi, Duncan S Sutherland, H. Autrup. Toxicology Letters, 2012

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Size-dependent cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human lung cells: the role of cellular uptake, agglomeration and Ag release (2014, background): “[12] suggested that the cytotoxic effects of AgNPs, following exposure of A549 cells, were”
A systematic review on silver nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity: Physicochemical properties and perspectives (2017, neutral): “Unfortunately, the use of Ag-NPs carries a series of unpredictable concerns regarding their interaction with biological systems [7,12].”
A review on biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biocidal properties (2018, background): “Some workers have shown that the toxicity of Ag NPs is due to released Ag ions [257] while others have attributed the toxicity to Ag NPs [258].”
Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Nanosilver (2014, background): “[69] Beer C, Foldbjerg R, Hayashi Y, et al.”