Evaluation of the aerosol indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds : droplet number, size, liquid water path, and radiative impact

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Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change (2020, background): “…large updrafts and suitable aerosol, at relatively low background aerosol concentration,893 such as found for remote marine trade-wind cumulus, a sensitivity approximately equal894 to unity is observed with CCN as aerosol metric (Martin et al., 1994; Twohy et al., 2005;895 Werner et al., 2014).”
Increase of cloud droplet size with aerosol optical depth: An observation and modeling study (2008, background): “The assumption is not always valid [Twohy et al., 2005] and an increase of LWP with AOD has been reported [Peng et al., 2002].”
Direct observational evidence linking atmospheric aerosol formation and cloud droplet activation (2005, background): “…Earth’s climate system is hindered seriously by the large uncertainties associated with the indirect effects by atmospheric aerosols [Coakley and Walsh, 2002; Menon et al., 2002; Brenguier et al., 2003; Sekiguchi et al., 2003; Lohmann and Feichter, 2005; Rotstayn and Liu, 2005; Twohy et al., 2005].”