Biological Principles of Mass Cultivation

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Review of biological and engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach (2009, background): “Richmond([38]), BenGurion University, Israel; g: courtesy of Q.”
Variables Governing Photosynthesis and Growth in Microalgae Mass Cultures (2021, background): “From a biotechnological point of view, the irradiance saturating photosynthesis (IK in Figure 4) required in commercial microalgae PBRs is only about 10 to 20% of the maximum photosynthetically active irradiance (PAR) [46,67,74].”
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Applications in Microalgal Mass Cultures (2010, background): “…nutrient content and supply, including gas exchange (CO 2 supply and O 2 removal); (iv) cultivation procedure (batch, continuous or semi-continuous, or multistage processes); (v) biomass concentration and areal density; and (vi) acclimation state of microalgae (Richmond 2004; Grobbelaar 2007).”
Scaling up microalgal cultures to commercial scale (2017, background): “Thus the improvement in productivity observed at higher flow rates in outdoor algal cultures is attributed to an improved light/dark regime which increases the average irradiance received by the algal cells (Richmond, 2004).”