An estimation of the global volume of surgery: a modelling strategy based on available data.

By T. Weiser, S. Regenbogen, K. D. Thompson, A. Haynes, Stuart R. Lipsitz, William R. Berry, A. Gawande. The Lancet, 2008

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Surgical data science for next-generation interventions (2017, background): “Despite increased expectation about outcomes and safety from patients, hospitals and insurers, studies estimate that 9 million (4) of an estimated 300 million surgical procedures per year worldwide (5) will encounter major complications.”
Tool Detection and Operative Skill Assessment in Surgical Videos Using Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks (2018, background): “5-5% for major procedures, and up to 25% of patients undergoing operations that require a stay in the hospital suffer complications [2].”
Association between postoperative troponin levels and 30-day mortality among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. (2012, neutral): “More than 1 million adults worldwidewill diewithin 30days ofnoncardiac surgery each year.(1,2) Perioperative risk estimation identifies patients who require more intensive monitoring and management in the postoperative period.”
Characteristics and Short-Term Prognosis of Perioperative Myocardial Infarction in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery (2011, background): “A recent study (1, 2), which used surgical data from 56 countries, suggested that more than 200 million patients worldwide have major noncardiac surgical procedures each year.”