Factors Influencing Woodpecker Predation on Emerald Ash Borer

By C. Lindell, D. McCullough, David Cappaert, Natalya M. Apostolou, Melinda Roth. 2008

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Emerald ash borer invasion of North America: history, biology, ecology, impacts, and management. (2014, background): “Larval mortality attributable to woodpecker predation in individual ash trees ranged from 0 to 90% and was highly variable among sites (14, 53).”
Population dynamics of an invasive forest insect and associated natural enemies in the aftermath of invasion: implications for biological control (2015, background): “…larval parasitism by native parasitoids (via new species associations) are frequently observed at sites in both the invasion’s epicentre in Michigan (Lindell et al. 2008; Cappaert & McCullough 2009; Duan et al. 2010, 2014) and the expanding edge of the invasion (e.g. Illinois, Maryland,…”
Evaluation of potential strategies to SLow Ash Mortality (SLAM) caused by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis): SLAM in an urban forest (2012, background): “Host-range tests are ongoing (Anulewicz et al. 2011), but preliminary results suggest that at least 16 North American ash species and several European ash species are potentially vulnerable to this invader.”