Phylogenetic insights into Andean plant diversification

By F. Luebert, M. Weigend. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2014

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Andean orogeny is considered as one of the most important events for the developmentof current plant diversity in South America. We compare available phylogenetic studies anddivergence time estimates for plant lineages that may have diversified in response to Andeanorogeny. The influence of the Andes on plant diversification is separated into four major groups:The Andes as source of new high-elevation habitats, as a vicariant barrier, as a North-Southcorridor and as generator of new environmental conditions outside the Andes. Biogeographicalrelationships between the Andes and other regions are also considered. Divergence timeestimates indicate that high-elevation lineages originated and diversified during or after the majorphases of Andean uplift (Mid-Miocene to Pliocene), although there are some exceptions. Asexpected, Andean mid-elevation lineages tend to be older than high-elevation groups. Mostclades with disjunct distribution on both sides of the Andes diverged during Andean uplift.Inner-Andean clades also tend to have divergence time during or after Andean uplift. This isinterpreted as evidence of vicariance. Dispersal along the Andes has been shown to occur ineither direction, mostly dated after the Andean uplift. Divergence time estimates of plant groupsoutside the Andes encompass a wider range of ages, indicating that the Andes may not benecessarily the cause of these diversifications. The Andes are biogeographically related to allneighbouring areas, especially Central America, with floristic interchanges in both directionssince Early Miocene times. Direct biogeographical relationships between the Andes and otherdisjunct regions have also been shown in phylogenetic studies, especially with the easternBrazilian highlands and North America. The history of the Andean flora is complex and plantdiversification has been driven by a variety of processes, including environmental change,adaptation, and biotic interactions

Subfields: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Paleontology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8089c9f19808f30c5b19810014ea71639d1d7a19

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Citations in the corpus

Building mountain biodiversity: Geological and evolutionary processes (2019, background): “For example, while the Andes region is, in itself, the most biodiverse region on Earth, Andean orogeny is also considered a key driver for the build-up of biodiversity across all of South America (13).”
Origins of global mountain plant biodiversity: Testing the ‘mountain‐geobiodiversity hypothesis’ (2019, unknown): “…Andes tend to highlight the role of climatic variations, intrinsic drivers (e.g. key inno‐ vations) and precursors (e.g. key opportunity, pre‐adaptations; e.g. in Lupinus , Drummond, Eastwood, Miotto, & Hughes, 2012) more often than geological processes (but see review by Luebert & Weigend, 2014).”
Uplift-driven diversification in the Hengduan Mountains, a temperate biodiversity hotspot (2017, background): “For many clades, factors unrelated to uplift per se, such as biotic interactions, are almost certain to have played important roles (3, 13, 34).”