Nitrogen fixation by white clover in pastures grazed by dairy cows: Temporal variation and effects of nitrogen fertilization

By S. Ledgard, M. Sprosen, J. Penno, G. Rajendram. Plant and Soil, 2001

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Grazing legumes in Europe: a review of their status, management, benefits, research needs and future prospects (2004, background): “A similar observation was made by Ledgard et al. (2001), who reported that proportions of 0Æ09–0Æ20 of white clover can be achieved with zero inorganic-N”
Forage Legumes for Grazing and Conserving in Ruminant Production Systems (2015, background): “…N from 0 to either 200 or 400 kg N ha−1 on grass + T. repens pastures grazed by dairy cows resulted in the sward clover content being reduced from 15% to 11 and 5%, respectively, and annual biological N fixation from 154 kg N ha−1 to 99 and 39 kg N ha−1, respectively (Ledgard et al., 2001).”
Farm-scale nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur balances and use efficiencies on Australian dairy farms (2012, methodology): “The N input from biological N fixation from legumes was based on the equation provided by Ledgard et al. (2001) that accounts for legume DM production and a negative effect of N fertiliser rate.”