Model Building for Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models

By J. Pinheiro, Douglas M. Bates, M. Lindstrom. 2007

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A generalized height–diameter model with random coefficients for uneven-aged stands in El Salto, Durango (Mexico) (2009, methodology): “Initially, all parameters in model M5 were considered mixed, as was suggested by Pinheiro and Bates (1998) , but the model failed to converge.”
Height–diameter equations for boreal tree species in Ontario using a mixed-effects modeling approach (2007, background): “Pinheiro and Bates (1998) suggest that all parameters in the model should first be considered mixed if convergence is possible.”
Generalized height-diameter and crown diameter prediction models for cork oak forests in Spain (2007, methodology): “Once the best crown diameter equation had been selected, several variables characterizing the stand were included in the mixed model as fixed effects (Hökkä, 1997; Pinheiro and Bates, 1998; Singer, 1998).”
Mixed-effects basal area increment models for tree species in the boreal forest of Ontario, Canada using an ecological land classification approach to incorporate site effects (2012, unknown): “While formulating the mixed-effects models, it is important to consider which parameters should be designated as random, fixed or mixed-effects (Pinheiro and Bates, 1995).”