An Upper Gravity-Wave Absorbing Layer for NWP Applications

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Bridging the Transition from Mesoscale to Microscale Turbulence in Numerical Weather Prediction Models (2014, methodology): “A Rayleigh damping layer was placed at z > 1.3zi with a coefficient of 0.2 s−1 (Klemp et al. 2008).”
Atmospheric Kinetic Energy Spectra from Global High-Resolution Nonhydrostatic Simulations (2014, methodology): “Lovejoy et al. (2009) have recently argued that the k region is not, in fact, present in the atmosphere and is entirely the result of analysis errors.”
Large‐eddy simulations over Germany using ICON: a comprehensive evaluation (2017, methodology): “Rayleigh damping on v3 based on Klemp et al. (2008) is used to prevent reflection of gravity waves at the model top.”
The pros and cons of diffusion, filters and fixers in Atmospheric General Circulation Models (2011, methodology): “The diffusive fluxes inside the outermost bracket can then be limited via flux limiters to prevent numerically triggered over- and undershoots as for example shown by Knievel et al. (2007) for a sixth-order scheme in the model WRF.”
A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3 (2008, methodology): “Some of the graupel-related terms follow Lin et al. (1983), but its ice-phase behavior is much different due to the changes of Hong et al.”