The Hoover Index of Population Concentration: A Correction and Update

By L. Long, A. Nucci. 1997

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A Unified Approach to Quantifying Algorithmic Unfairness: Measuring Individual &Group Unfairness via Inequality Indices (2018, background): “Traditionally, inequality indices such as Coefficient of Variation [1], Gini [5, 16], Atkinson [3], Hoover [29], and Theil [39], have been proposed to quantify how unequally incomes are distributed across individuals and groups in a population.”
Spatial Patterns of Migration and Income Change in the Mountain West: The Dominance of Service-Based, Amenity-Rich Counties (2001, methodology): “In order to test this further, we calculated a Hoover index, which measures spatial focus (see Long and Nucci 1997a), for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 1999 for the entire continuously rural Mountain West.”