Spatial and temporal variation in the diet of the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) at Kerguelen Islands

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Antarctic icefishes (Channichthyidae): a unique family of fishes. A review, Part I (2005, background): “Gentoo penguins and king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonica) preyed on mackerel icefish to a small extent if any (Hindell 1989; Bost et al. 1994; Cherel et al. 1996) with some increase in winter (Lescroël et al. 2004).”
Flexible foraging strategies of gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua over 5 years in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica (2009, background): “In general, gentoo penguins at sub-Antarctic islands consume primarily Wsh, squid, and amphipods (Robinson and Hindell 1996; Pütz et al. 2001; Lescroël et al. 2004).”
Foraging-Niche Separation of Breeding Gentoo and Chinstrap Penguins, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica (2010, background): “Here, both species consume primarily Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba; Volkman et al. 1980, Lishman 1985), share nesting habitat, and the timing of their breeding is similar (Trivelpiece et al. 1987).”
Foraging under contrasting oceanographic conditions: the gentoo penguin at Kerguelen Archipelago (2005, background): “This may be related to the decrease of the proportion of fish in the penguin diet at both Open Sea 1 and Closed Sea sites during a period of probable high abundance of sub-Antarctic krill (Lescroël et al. 2004).”