The bloom-forming ciliate Mesodinium rubrum harbours a single permanent endosymbiont

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First successful culture of the marine dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata (2006, background): “Recently, however, Hansen & Fenchel (2006) have argued that the plastids of M. rubra are not kleptoplastids.”
Microbial processes in a high-latitude fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard): II. Ciliates and dinoflagellates (2011, background): “In ciliates, chloroplast-bearing species were Myrionecta rubra (Hansen and Fenchel 2006), Laboea strobila (Stoecker et al. 1988; Stoecker and Michaels 1991), Tontonia sp. (Laval-Peuto and Rassoulzadegan 1988), and Strombidium conicum (Stoecker and Michaels 1991), with the three latter ones being…”
Acquired phototrophy in aquatic protists (2009, background): “M. rubra is mostly phototrophic in its physiology, but feeds on cryptophyte algae to acquire organelles or growth factors (Gustafson et al. 2000, Hansen & Fenchel 2006, Johnson et al. 2007).”
Acquired phototrophy in Mesodinium and Dinophysis – A review of cellular organization, prey selectivity, nutrient uptake and bioenergetics (2013, unknown): “Also, the individual nuclei in the cryptophyte prey are substantially smaller than the symbiont nucleus (Hansen and Fenchel, 2006; Johnson et al., 2007).”