Flow and convective heat transfer characteristics of water-based Al2O3 nanofluids in fully developed laminar flow regime

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Heat transfer through heat exchanger using Al2O3 nanofluid at different concentrations (2013, background): “[9] through experimental investigation of flow and convective heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3/water nanofluid, with convective heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3/water nanofluid with particles varying in the range of 0.”
Dispersion behavior and breakdown strength of transformer oil filled with TiO2 nanoparticles (2015, background): “Using nanofluids, the thermal properties of base fluids could be increased depending on the type and volume fractions of nanoparticles [2-4].”
A Review on the Mechanisms of Heat Transport in Nanofluids (2009, background): “[58] discussed based on scale analysis and numerical solutions that the energy transfer by nanoparticle migration due to viscosity gradient, nonuniform shear rate, Brownian diffusion, and thermophoresis is on the order of 10−17, 10−16, 10−11, and 10−9 respectively.”