Dietary intakes among US adults, 1999-2012
By C. Rehm, J. Peñalvo, A. Afshin, D. Mozaffarian. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 2016
601 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Importance: Most prior studies of US dietary trends have evaluated broad macronutrient or selected dietary factors. Understanding national trends in multiple key foods/nutrients, and potential disparities in these trends, is crucial to identify challenges and opportunities to improve Americans’ diets. Objective: To characterize trends in key dietary factors related to major diseases or special public interest among US adults overall and by age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and income. Design, Setting & Participants: Repeated cross-sectional investigation using up to two 24-hour dietary recalls per participant in nationally representative samples including 33,929 non-institutionalized US adults from 7 consecutive National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles between 1999 and 2012. Exposures: Calendar year; and subgroups of age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and income. Main outcomes: Survey-weighted, energy-adjusted mean consumption of 30 food groups and 15 nutrients; and the proportion of adults meeting specific dietary recommendations for key factors. Results: Between 1999–2012, several improvements were identified (P-trend<0.01 each), including increases in nuts/seeds (58.8% greater intake), yogurt (+68.3%), whole-grains (+77.0%), whole fruit (+25.7%), dark-green vegetables (+34.9%), red/orange vegetables (+22.8%), fiber (+16.6%), and polyunsaturated fat (+14.9%); and decreases in sugar-sweetened beverages (−28.3%), added sugars (−21.6%), and white potatoes (−17.2%). Over this same period, 100% fruit juice (−25.9%) and milk (−21.6%) decreased, while cheese (+27.5%) and calcium (+20.1%) increased. The proportion of adults eating ≥1 serving/d of whole fruit increased from 17.6% to 21.5%; ≥1 serving/d of whole grains, from 12.5% to 31.6%; and ≥5 servings/wk of nuts/seeds, from 20.2% to 30.8% (P-trend<0.001 each). Many disparities were identified, especially by race/ethnicity, education, and income; and certain disparities worsened (P-interaction<0.05 each), such as greater increases in whole fruits and nuts/seeds among higher income and more educated Americans; decreases in seafood omega-3s for non-Hispanic blacks; and increases in refined grains and sodium among Mexican-Americans. Conclusions and Relevance: Significant changes in the American diet have occurred over the last 14 years, including specific improvements yet also other dietary factors with little improvement as well as persistent or worsening disparities over time. These novel findings inform specific emerging successes, relative failures, and corresponding opportunities to improve the diet for all Americans.
Subfields: Nutrition and Dietetics, Physiology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7dfae2161500afdef160a5cc24ab4c77d7e601c7
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Citations in the corpus
- Food Deserts and the Causes of Nutritional Inequality* (2019, result): “This finding of growing nutritional inequality is consistent with results from the NHANES data (Rehm et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2014), although there is less precision in NHANES due to the smaller sample size.”