Antifungal drug resistance: mechanisms, epidemiology, and consequences for treatment.

By M. Pfaller. American Journal of Medicine, 2012

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Candida species: current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options. (2013, background): “Candida biofilms and conventional antifungals Each of the antifungal classes utilizes a different means to kill or inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens (Pfaller, 2012; Kanafani & Perfect, 2008).”
Twenty Years of the SENTRY Antifungal Surveillance Program: Results for Candida Species From 1997–2016 (2019, background): “A higher prevalence of IFI has been observed in recent decades due to the increasing immunocompromised patient population, including individuals living with HIV, organ transplant recipients, and cancer patients [13, 14].”
The Candida Genome Database (CGD): incorporation of Assembly 22, systematic identifiers and visualization of high throughput sequencing data (2016, background): “…and increasingly resistant to antifungal therapy (13), C. parapsilosis is particularly problematic, causing severe infections in neonates (14), and C. glabrata exhibits a special ability to evade the immune system and survive after cellular engulfment, and can resist antifungal treatment (15–17).”
Resistance of Candida to azoles and echinocandins worldwide. (2019, background): “This could be associated with poorer clinical outcomes for patients and breakthrough infections during antifungal treatment and prophylaxis, and increased healthcare costs [20,48].”