Bmc Medical Research Methodology Open Access Causal Inference Based on Counterfactuals

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Causal Effects In Psychotherapy: Counterfactuals Counteract Overgeneralization (2010, background): “It has been shown to be most useful and relevant in many respects, including etiology, intervention, and the philosophy of science as well as in various fields of health and social sciences (Höfler, 2005; Little & Rubin, 2000; Maldonado & Greenland, 2002; Pearl, 2000; Shadish et al., 2002).”
GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETS (2018, background): “…der Schaar (2017); Alaa et al. (2017)); (2) in evaluating the effect of a policy on unemployment rates (LaLonde (1986); Smith & Todd (2005)); (3) in verifying which factor causes a certain disease (Höfler (2005)) and (4) estimating the effects of pollution on the weather (Hannart et al. (2016)).”
Counterfactuals, Hypotheticals and Potential Responses: A Philosophical Examination of Statistical Causality (2006, background): ““Probabilistic causal inference (of which Dawid is an advocate) in observational studies would inevitably require counterfactuals” (Höfler 2005b).”
Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. (2007, background): “Second, no causal inferences can be drawn from our observational data.(62,63) Third, we did not explore a more comprehensive range of risk factors, and in particular we did not examine whether the risk factors for subsequent depression among SAD cases are moderators or mediators of this association(”