Defining clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania.

By Ellen Leibenluft, Dennis S. Charney, K. Towbin, Robinder K. Bhangoo, Daniel S. Pine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2003

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Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. (2007, background): “The debate is whether these problems in youths are best characterized as bipolar disorder and, more important, whether juvenile mania is the same illness as that classically described in adults (Kent and Craddock 2003; Kim and Miklowitz, 2002; Leibenluft et al., 2003; McClellan, 2005).”
Long-term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 participants in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). (2004, background): “An additional complication arises in very-early-onset patients, in whom episodes might not be as distinct as in adults, and modified diagnostic criteria might be required (Leibenluft et al 2003).”
National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. (2007, background): “Most research groups agree on the utility of DSM-IV adult criteria to define classic bipolar phenotypes in children and adolescents.(15,16,41,47-50) However, some researchers have modified the criteria for pediatric bipolar disorder to address the problem of symptom overlap of irritability with ADHD”