Informing Climate Adaptation: A Review of the Economic Costs of Natural Disasters, Their Determinants, and Risk Reduction Options

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The effect of natural disasters on economic activity in US counties: A century of data (2020, neutral): “3 A rise in the frequency of disasters after 1990 is also evident in global series, suggesting that it reflects a real uptick in weather events (see Munich Re 2012, Gaiha et al. 2015, Kousky 2014).”
The Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Review of Models and Empirical Studies (2019, background): “Thus the indirect impacts capture the short- and long-term economic losses in economic production and consumption and any related economic recovery paths (Kousky 2014).”
Examining Flood Insurance Claims in the United States: Six Key Findings (2017, neutral): “The global average cost of natural disasters between 2000 and 2012 has been estimated to be around $100 billion per year (Kousky, 2014).”
Economic resilience: definition and measurement (2014, background): “A comprehensive review of this literature is beyond the scope of this paper (reviews can be found in, e.g., Cavallo and Noy, 2009; Hallegatte, 2014; Kousky, 2014).”
Financing Flood Losses: A Discussion of the National Flood Insurance Program (2017, neutral): “The global average annual direct cost of natural disasters between 2000 and 2012 was approximately $100 billion (Kousky 2014).”