Particle and Field Signatures of Coronal Mass Ejections in the Solar Wind

By M. Neugebauer, R. Goldstein. 2013

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Sources of the solar wind at solar activity maximum (2002, background): “…looked for the high values of V2/T, low values of S and bp, high values of Na/Np, O 7+/O6+, and iron charge state, and the presence of counterstreaming suprathermal electrons (not plotted) indicative of CMEs [Gosling, 1996; Neugebauer and Goldstein, 1997; Galvin, 1997; Gosling and Forsyth, 2001].”
The Physical Processes of CME/ICME Evolution (2017, background): “The charge state composition of MCs shows elevated ionization states, which are suggestive of flare heated material being ejected with the CME (e.g., Neugebauer and Goldstein 1997; Lepri and Zurbuchen 2004; Zurbuchen and Richardson 2006).”
Long-duration magnetic clouds: a comparison of analyses using torus- and cylinder-shaped flux rope models (2007, background): “In summary, in most of the 17 MCs we see plasma and field signatures which are widely accepted to be characteristic of ICMEs, as was previously pointed out (Gosling, 1990; Neugebauer and Goldstein, 1997).”
A survey of interplanetary coronal mass ejections in the near-Earth solar wind during 1996-2002 (2003, result): “[5] As has been noted by many authors, however [e.g., Zwickl et al., 1983; Crooker et al., 1990; Richardson and Cane, 1993, 1995; Neugebauer and Goldstein, 1997], individual signatures may not be detected in all ICMEs, either because they are not present or as a result of instrumental limitations…”