When zero is not zero: The problem of ambiguous baseline conditions in fMRI

By Craig E. L. Stark, L. R. Squire. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001

742 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Cognitive Neuroscience

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7bbaf617724cf590688c8d295519a363e557705a

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In Cognitive Neuroscience

Citations in the corpus

The neuroscience of remote memory. (2007, background): “rest) commonly used in neuroimaging studies are associated with significant brain activity [48], including activity in the medial temporal lobe [49].”
Dual-process theory and signal-detection theory of recognition memory. (2007, background): “Stark and Squire (2001), for example , found that activity in the medial temporal lobe was higher during quiet rest periods than during tedious tasks, such as deciding whether numbers were odd or even, and concluded that " rest is apparently an active condition associated with significant cognitive…”
Correlations and anticorrelations in resting-state functional connectivity MRI: A quantitative comparison of preprocessing strategies (2009, neutral): “While the definition of this baseline state itself is anything but simple (Stark and Squire, 2001), resting-state fMRI data sets are contaminated by various fluctuations not related to neural activity: residual subject motion, physiological artefacts (caused by respiration, cardiac action), as well ”
Unrest at rest: Default activity and spontaneous network correlations (2007, neutral): “Moreover, rest baselines, used exclusively, may be misleading as pointed out in the study of hippocampal function by Stark and Squire (2001).”
When less means more: deactivations during encoding that predict subsequent memory (2004, methodology): “…in view of previous reports that specifically related default network activity to passive rest (e.g., Raichle et al., 2001), although we recognize that identification of activations and deactivations is partly dependent on the particular baseline that is used (e.g., Stark and Squire, 2001).”
Assessing functional connectivity in the human brain by fMRI. (2007, background): “Measured hemodynamic variations are perhaps more reflective of the individual’s baseline state of function, but likely include many components such as changes in arousal, visual imagery, internal dialogue and so forth [111,112].”
Power in Voxel-based Lesion-Symptom Mapping (2007, background): “For example, imaging studies of memory function in the hippocampus are complicated by both susceptibility-related sensitivity loss and difficulty in constructing an appropriate cognitive subtraction (Stark & Squire, 2001; Binder et al., 1999).”
Using immediate-early genes to map hippocampal subregional functions. (2007, background): “This problem is also known in human fMRI studies where substantial activity in the hippocampal region during control “rest” states obscures specific signal during task conditions (Stark and Squire 2001).”
Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (2007, background): “Undoubtedly, when subjects are asked to rest quietly in the scanner they perform mental 'tasks' that result in changes in neuronal activit”
Evaluative and generative modes of thought during the creative process (2012, background): “…re-activation of memories in humans has also been associated with neural activity in the MTL (Gelbard-Sagiv et al., 2008), and spontaneous mental processing during rest conditions has been found to consistently recruit the MTL (Binder et al., 1999; Christoff et al., 2004; Stark and Squire, 2001).”
Coordinate-based ALE meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: A random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty (2009, background): “Nevertheless, it carries several limitations, including rather small sample sizes, low reliability [Feredoes and Postle, 2007; Raemaekers et al., 2007], and its inherent subtraction logic, which is only sensitive to differences between conditions [Price et al., 2005; Stark and Squire, 2001].”
Identification of emotional intonation evaluated by fMRI (2005, background): “Using the resting state of the brain as baseline has been observed to reduce, eliminate, or even reverse the sign of the activity during task conditions (Stark and Squire, 2001).”
Brain areas underlying visual mental imagery and visual perception: an fMRI study. (2004, background): “[17,57]), which may be more likely with more complex baselines.”