3D printing of reinforced concrete elements: Technology and design approach

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Integrating reinforcement in digital fabrication with concrete: A review and classification framework (2021, background): “• external reinforcement [69] Structural requirements such as robustness, ductility and tensile strength,”
Ductility of 3D printed concrete reinforced with short straight steel fibers (2018, background): “External passive reinforcement and 3D printed steel reinforcement have also been suggested 2020 (Asprone et al. 2018; Mechtcherine et al. 2018).”
Insights into material design, extrusion rheology, and properties of 3D-printable alkali-activated fly ash-based binders (2019, background): “A large number of ongoing studies on 3D printing of cementitious materials focus on the use of binders based on ordinary portland cement (OPC), as expected [9,26,27].”
Structural behaviour of 3D printed concrete beams with various reinforcement strategies (2021, background): “Reinforcement can also be added after the printing process, either externally [18] or inside a 3DCP element used as a lost formwork [19,20].”