Tropical niche conservatism and the species richness gradient of North American butterflies

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Global angiosperm family richness revisited: linking ecology and evolution to climate (2011, background): “Phylogenetic patterns consistent with this prediction have recently been documented for a number of animal groups (Hawkins et al., 2005, 2006, 2007a; Wiens et al., 2006, 2009; Hawkins & DeVries, 2009; Hawkins, 2010).”
Defying the curse of ignorance: perspectives in insect macroecology and conservation biogeography (2010, background): “Hawkins and DeVries (2009), on the other hand, recently explained patterns of richness in North American butterflies based on Wiens and Donoghue’s (2004) tropical conservation model, in which species in older, more basal subfamilies tend to retain more subtropical and tropical distributions due to…”
Unexpected phenological responses of butterflies to the interaction of urbanization and geographic temperature (2014, unknown): “Because phenological responses of the species used in our analyses are not independent, owing to their shared evolutionary history, we incorporated phylogenetic structure (Hawkins and DeVries 2009) into our analyses.”