Great apes anticipate that other individuals will act according to false beliefs
By Christopher Krupenye, Fumihiro Kano, S. Hirata, J. Call, Michael Tomasello. 2016
572 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Apes understand false beliefs We humans tend to believe that our cognitive skills are unique, not only in degree, but also in kind. The more closely we look at other species, however, the clearer it becomes that the difference is one of degree. Krupenye et al. show that three different species of apes are able to anticipate that others may have mistaken beliefs about a situation (see the Perspective by de Waal). The apes appear to understand that individuals have different perceptions about the world, thus overturning the human-only paradigm of the theory of mind. Science, this issue p. 110; see also p. 39 Apes recognize that others may have false beliefs. [Also see Perspective by de Waal] Humans operate with a “theory of mind” with which they are able to understand that others’ actions are driven not by reality but by beliefs about reality, even when those beliefs are false. Although great apes share with humans many social-cognitive skills, they have repeatedly failed experimental tests of such false-belief understanding. We use an anticipatory looking test (originally developed for human infants) to show that three species of great apes reliably look in anticipation of an agent acting on a location where he falsely believes an object to be, even though the apes themselves know that the object is no longer there. Our results suggest that great apes also operate, at least on an implicit level, with an understanding of false beliefs.
Subfields: Developmental and Educational Psychology, Social Psychology, Sociology and Political Science
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In Developmental and Educational Psychology
- S. M. Ali Eslami
- Chiyuan Zhang
- H. Francis Song
- Frank Perbet
- Neil C. Rabinowitz
- Matthew Botvinick
- Sergey Levine
In Social Psychology
In Sociology and Political Science
Citations in the corpus
- Machine Theory of Mind (2018, background): “Fourth, a Theory of Mind is important for social beings as it informs our social decision-making.”
- It Takes Two to Tango: Towards Theory of AI's Mind (2017, unknown): “1including beliefs, intents, desires, knowledge, etc. ing a teammate’s background knowledge, abilities, preferences and modifying one’s interactions accordingly [27].”