Comparison of integral-type nonlocal plasticity models for strain-softening materials

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A finite-strain elastic–plastic Cosserat theory for polycrystals with grain rotations (2006, background): “Of course, there are many other possibilities available to overcome this localization deficiency, we mention higher gradient theories [66,2,62], non-local models [54,7,34] using integral kernels in the constitutive law or relaxed incremental variational formulations [63,64,73,74] and viscoplastic re”
Numerical solutions of strain localization with nonlocal softening plasticity (2009, unknown): “The overnonlocal approach was shown to be necessary for wave propagation [17,19] in softening plasticity [12].”
Localization properties of strain-softening gradient plasticity models. Part II: Theories with gradients of internal variables (2009, background): “This is the same kind of deficiency as that observed for the so-called basic nonlocal integral-type plasticity model (Planas et al., 1993; Jirásek and Rolshoven, 2003).”
Continuum approach to the numerical simulation of material failure in concrete (2004, background): “Enriched continuum based approaches, like non-local [2] or gradient enhanced models [3] provide improved solutions.”