Correlations of the dispersing capability of NSF and PCE types of superplasticizer and their impacts on cement hydration with the adsorption in fresh cement pastes

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Effect of PCE-type superplasticizer on early-age behaviour of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) (2017, background): “It is believed that the dispersing forces between particles are generated by steric hindrance and electrostatic force after adsorption of PCE-type SP molecules [12,15].”
Optimization and characterization of high-volume limestone powder in sustainable ultra-high performance concrete (2020, background): “This trend is attributed to the adsorption of PCE molecules that disperse the solid particles by steric and/or electrostatic forces, thus releasing free water and strengthening fluidity [51].”
Understanding the behaviour of graphene oxide in Portland cement paste (2018, methodology): “This mixed behaviour is quite probable as the surface of 409 clinker grains are heterogeneous in charge density and mineralogical composition 410 [34, 35], so that some of the GO layers could remain in the pore solution while 411 the rest binds to the clinker surface.”
Thixotropic structural build-up of cement-based materials: A state-of-the-art review (2021, methodology): “This can be attributed to the adsorption mechanisms, where the adsorption model of NSF is based on a monolayer model, while PCE follows a multi-layer adsorption [104].”