On the relationships between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and income: The importance of time variation

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The effects of globalization, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries (2021, methodology): “Similarly, the EKC hypothesis have been tested by Ajmi et al.60 for G7 nations and found that the results do not verify the authenticity of the EKC by using Granger’s causality test.”
The CO2-Growth nexus revisited: A nonparametric analysis for G7 economies over nearly two centuries (2017, unknown): “Ajmi et al. (2015) detect time-varying causalities between emissions and GDP and an inverted N-causality curve which lends no support to the validation of the EKC hypothesis.”
The long-run decoupling of emissions and output: Evidence from the largest emitters (2018, methodology): “This focus is shared by Ajmi et al. (2015), who investigate how relationships among emissions, energy consumption and output have changed since 1960 for G-7 countries using a sophisticated time-varying vector autoregressive model.”