Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology.

By S. Suissa. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2008

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Association between nucleoside analogues and risk of hepatitis B virus–related hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence following liver resection. (2012, methodology): “We used the incident user design with follow-up for each patient beginning on the date of first prescription of nucleoside analogue in the treated cohort.(19,20) The follow-up for the untreated cohort began on the first day after the index hospitalization for liver resection.”
Using Big Data to Emulate a Target Trial When a Randomized Trial Is Not Available. (2016, background): “, new-users design, negative outcome controls), establishes a link between methods for the analysis and the reporting of observational studies and randomized trials (2, 40), naturally leads to analytic approaches that prevent apparent paradoxes and common biases (41), facilitates a systematic method”