Impacts of 17β-estradiol, including environmentally relevant concentrations, on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-, juvenile- and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

By F. Brion, C. Tyler, X. Palazzi, B. Laillet, J. Porcher, J. Garric, P. Flammarion. 2004

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Zebrafish as a model vertebrate for investigating chemical toxicity. (2005, background): “Likewise 17b-ethinylestradiol altered sex differentiation in the juvenile, caused modified sexual characteristics in the adult male, and inhibited egg production (Brion et al., 2004).”
Comparison of response to 17β‐estradiol and 17β‐trenbolone among three small fish species (2006, methodology): “[19] reported that the LOEC for VTG induction in zebrafish was 100 ng/L when exposed to E2 for 21 d at an early life stage (21- to 42-d posthatch).”
Predicted Exposures to Steroid Estrogens in U.K. Rivers Correlate with Widespread Sexual Disruption in Wild Fish Populations (2005, background): “…were from in vivo studies on adult male cyprinid fish over a 3-week exposure period, and were thus: E1: NOEC = 9.9 ng/L; LOEC = 31.8 ng/L (Panter et al. 1998) E2: NOEC = 5 ng/L; LOEC = 25 ng/L (Brion et al. 2004) EE2: NOEC = 0.07 ng/L; LOEC = 0.7 ng/L (Pawlowski et al. 2004) INTERSEX INDUCTION.”