Effects of Different Brain Lesions on Card Sorting: The Role of the Frontal Lobes

By B. Milner. 1963

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Virtual Reality for Enhanced Ecological Validity and Experimental Control in the Clinical, Affective and Social Neurosciences (2015, background): “Nevertheless, in a single study by Milner (1963), patients with dorsolateral prefrontal lesions were found to have greater difficulty on the WCST than patients with orbitofrontal or nonfrontal lesions.”
A dataset and architecture for visual reasoning with a working memory (2018, methodology): “In particular, we take inspiration from decades of research in cognitive psychology [21,22,23,24,25] and modern systems neuroscience (e.”
Prefrontal Cell Activities Related to Monkeys' Success and Failure in Adapting to Rule Changes in a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Analog (2006, background): “It has been reported that some patients with prefrontal damage sometimes committed errors but gave a correct verbal report of the relevant rule (Milner, 1963).”
Learning latent structure: Carving nature at its joints (2010, background): “The curse of dimensionality can be alleviated if one is willing to make certain assumptions about the structure of the environment or the structure of correct motor strategies [48 !”
The case for the development and use of “ecologically valid” measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology (2006, background): “This is largely attributable to the effect of a study by Milner (1963) who, more than 40 years since the original demonstration of sorting impairments, administered the Grant & Berg procedure to a group of neurological patients, with virtually the only modification being to give the test twice in…”
Age, executive function, and social decision making: a dorsolateral prefrontal theory of cognitive aging. (2002, methodology): “In contrast, patients with lesions mainly involving the VM region perform similarly on the WCST to patients with lesions outside the frontal lobes (Ahola, Vilkki, & Servo, 1996; Milner, 1963) and better than patients with frontal damage outside this region (Drewe, 1974).”
The Influence of Behavioral Context on the Representation of a Perceptual Decision in Developing Oculomotor Commands (2003, background): “Clinical (Milner, 1963) and physiological evidence (Hoshi et al., 2000; Wallis et al., 2001) suggest that the prefrontal cortex, particularly Walker's area 46, represents behavioral rules.”
How positive affect modulates cognitive control: reduced perseveration at the cost of increased distractibility. (2004, unknown): “These patients often exhibit perseverative behavior and reduced cognitive flexibility in tasks that require switching between different categorization rules, such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; Milner, 1963; Nelson, 1976).”
The orbitofrontal cortex and reward. (2000, methodology): “…according to the color, shape or number of items on each card depending on whether the examiner says 'right' or 'wrong' to each placement), some frontal patients had difficulty either in determining the first sorting principle or in shifting to a second principle when required to (Milner, 1963).”
Decision-making and addiction (part II): myopia for the future or hypersensitivity to reward? (2002, background): “Indeed, studies have linked performance on the WCST task to the lateral orbital and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices in functional neuroimaging [35,37] as well as lesion [3,43] studies.”
Wisconsin Card Sorting Revisited: Distinct Neural Circuits Participating in Different Stages of the Task Identified by Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2001, methodology): “Key words: basal ganglia; caudate nucleus; fMRI; prefrontal cortex; set-shifting; Wisconsin card sorting The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) has been used to investigate deficits in executive function in humans (Milner, 1963; Nelson, 1976; Stuss et al., 2000).”