Defensive Reactions to Masculinity Threat: More Negative Affect Toward Effeminate (but not Masculine) Gay Men

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Masculinity Threat, “Incel” Traits, and Violent Fantasies Among Heterosexual Men in the United States (2020, background): “Exhibiting traditionally feminine behaviors, like nurturing, puts men at risk for being called out as “less of a man” (Glick et al., 2007).”
Masculine Self-Presentation and Distancing from Femininity in Gay Men: An Experimental Examination of the Role of Masculinity Threat (2016, unknown): “Furthermore, it has been found that when their masculinity is threatened, heterosexual men react by distancing themselves from gay men (Talley & Bettencourt, 2008), particularly from stereotypically feminine gay men (Glick, Gangl, Gibb, Klumpner, & Weinberg, 2007).”
Hearing Gender: Voice-Based Gender Classification Processes and Transgender Health Inequality (2019, background): “This pattern of devaluing and punishing femininity is also evident among sexual minorities, particularly in differences between gay men who present in feminine or gender nonconforming ways versus gay men who present in conventional masculine ways (Glick et al. 2007; Skidmore, Linsenmeier, and Bailey”