Production caused variation in capacity aging trend and correlation to initial cell performance

By Thorsten Baumhöfer, M. Brühl, S. Rothgang, Dirk Uwe Sauer. 2014

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A Review on Battery Market Trends, Second-Life Reuse, and Recycling (2021, background): “The cell to cell heterogeneity was reported, as expected, to increase as the cell ages [130].”
Failure statistics for commercial lithium ion batteries: A study of 24 pouch cells (2017, background): “In one of a relatively few14-15, 27, 43-45 published studies looking at a large number of individually tested cells, Baumhofer et al14 analyzed the capacity fade of 48 commercially available carbon-NMC Sanyo/Panasonic UR18650E cylindrical cells.”
Closed-loop optimization of fast-charging protocols for batteries with machine learning (2020, background): “Furthermore, both large parameter spaces and high sampling variability 3,6,7 necessitate a large number of experiments.”
Review—"Knees" in Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Trajectories (2022, neutral): “Baumhöfer et al. 151 and Harris et al. 152 studied this type of variation in 48 cells and 24 cells, respectively, ﬁ nding widely varying knee locations across their datasets (Fig.”
Online capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries with deep long short-term memory networks (2021, methodology): “The dataset used in this work was gathered from in-house experiments at ISEA, RWTH Aachen University, on 48 Sanyo/Panasonic UR18650E cells manufactured in the same batch and labeled the same grade by the manufacturer, as per [41].”