Concomitant infections, parasites and immune responses

By F. Cox. Parasitology, 2001

687 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Concomitant infections are common in nature and often involve parasites. A number of examples of the interactions between protozoa and viruses, protozoa and bacteria, protozoa and other protozoa, protozoa and helminths, helminths and viruses, helminths and bacteria, and helminths and other helminths are described. In mixed infections the burden of one or both the infectious agents may be increased, one or both may be suppressed or one may be increased and the other suppressed. It is now possible to explain many of these interactions in terms of the effects parasites have on the immune system, particularly parasite-induced immunodepression, and the effects of cytokines controlling polarization to the Th1 or Th2 arms of the immune response. In addition, parasites may be affected, directly or indirectly, by cytokines and other immune effector molecules and parasites may themselves produce factors that affect the cells of the immune system. Parasites are, therefore, affected when they themselves, or other organisms, interact with the immune response and, in particular, the cytokine network. The importance of such interactions is discussed in relation to clinical disease and the development and use of vaccines.

Subfields: Ecology, Parasitology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/75cbf9d81cb6f914cc3f28e563097759c434fc1b

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

E. Watson
P. Valverde-García
M. Thomas

Citations in the corpus

Mixed infections and insect–pathogen interactions (2003, background): “…is by no means exhaustive), mixed infections and their effects have been detailed in numerous mammal (e.g. Nilssen et al. 1998; Behnke et al. 2001; Cox 2001), bird (e.g. Forbes et al. 1999), reptile (Schall & Bromwich 1994; Lainson 2002) and fish (Sousa et al. 1996; Barker et al. 2002) host…”
The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Human Health: An Integrative View (2012, neutral): “Some of this range may be due to variation in the microbial community of the host, in addition to host immune factors and variation between strains (Cox, 2001).”