Exposure to Community Violence and Young Adult Crime: The Effects of Witnessing Violence, Traumatic Victimization, and Other Stressful Life Events

By David Eitle, R. Turner. 2002

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Complex Trauma and Aggression in Secure Juvenile Justice Settings (2012, background): “…for delinquent youth: Violence exposure was found to be more strongly associated than a history of abuse with risk of juvenile offending (Eitle & Turner, 2002) and with the severity of traumatic stress symptoms and risk of suicide and substance abuse (Ford, Hartman, et al., 2008) among…”
Something Old, Something New: Revisiting Competing Hypotheses of the Victimization-Offending Relationship Among Adolescents (2011, background): “In accordance with a number of earlier studies (e.g., Singer 1986; Baron and Hartnagel 1998; Agnew 2002; Eitle and Turner 2002 ), the present results indicate that past victimization is a predictor of subsequent offending.”
The Overlap Between Offending and Victimization Among Adolescents (2013, background): “Anticipated and vicarious victimization were also shown to be related to delinquency (see also Eitle & Turner, 2002).”
Experienced and vicarious victimization: Do social support and self-esteem prevent delinquent responses? (2010, background): “Controlling for other negative life events, deviant peers, and prior deviance, Eitle and Turner (2002) found that a history of hearing about others’ victimizations, as well as more recent experiences of personal victimization and of witnessing violence in the community contributed to criminal…”