Effects of grain variability and processing on starch utilization by lactating dairy cattle

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Special topics--Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric methane mitigation options. (2013, unknown): “Thus, summarizing the corn (and sorghum) processing literature, Firkins et al. (2001) reported increased total tract starch digestibility of steam-flaked vs. steam-rolled corn grain.”
Meta-analyses of experimental data in animal nutrition. (2008, background): “The meta-analyses of Firkins et al. (2001) provide examples of both situations.”
Invited review: Enteric methane in dairy cattle production: quantifying the opportunities and impact of reducing emissions. (2014, methodology): “Apparent ruminal starch digestibility was found to decrease linearly with increasing DMI by 1.21 ± 0.59%/kg of DMI (Firkins et al., 2001).”
Nutritional Approaches to Minimize Subacute Ruminal Acidosis and Laminitis in Dairy Cattle (2004, methodology): “Firkins (2002) used regression equations evaluating relationships between DMI, carbohydrate digestibility, and chewing time ( Firkins et al., 2001 ) to predict that an increase in DMI would still result in an increase in ruminal degradable starch, despite a reduction in the percentage of ruminally d”
Factors affecting starch utilization in large animal food production system: A review (2014, unknown): “Reviews of ruminal starch digestion potential [30, 126] suggest approximately 40–80% of intake starch can be digested in the rumen of lactating dairy cows.”