Lessons learned from the fate of AstraZeneca's drug pipeline: a five-dimensional framework

By David Cook, D. Brown, R. Alexander, R. March, Paul Morgan, Gemma Satterthwaite, M. Pangalos. Nature reviews. Drug discovery, 2014

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Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century Beyond Environmental Chemicals (2015, background): “On the other hand, detecting target organ toxicity continues to be a challenge (Cook et al., 2014; Horner et al., 2014).”
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems: a commercial and regulatory outlook as the field matures (2017, background): “In general, safety failure is the predominant reason of study termination at this stage [62,63].”
Open Targets Platform: new developments and updates two years on (2018, background): “These databases can be used to assist with target identification, one of the most important stages in drug discovery (2).”
Open Targets: a platform for therapeutic target identification and validation (2016, background): “Indeed drug development programs that have supporting genetic information are more likely to proceed into the final stages (3,10).”
A Landscape of Pharmacogenomic Interactions in Cancer (2016, background): “Clinical trials are complex and expensive, and pre-clinical data that helps stratify patients can dramatically increase the likelihood of success during clinical development (Cook et al., 2014; Nelson et al., 2015).”
Biology-inspired Microphysiological System Approaches to Solve the Prediction Dilemma of Substance Testing (2016, neutral): “Despite intense preclinical safety testing in a number of phase I trials, safety issues may arise which can lead to the termination of a program (Cook et al., 2014; Schuster et al., 2005).”