Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology, screening, and novel therapies.

By T. Ciulla, A. Amador, B. Zinman. Diabetes Care, 2003

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IDRiD: Diabetic Retinopathy - Segmentation and Grading Challenge. (2020, background): “…(including vascular tor-tuosity, branching angles and calibers) and resulting abnormalities (microaneurysms, hemorrhages and exudates), whereas, DME is characterized by retention of ﬂuid or swelling of macula that may occur at any stage of DR ( Bandello et al., 2010; Ciulla et al., 2003 ).”
Indian Diabetic Retinopathy Image Dataset (IDRiD): A Database for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Research (2018, background): “Whereas, Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) is a complication associated with DR, characterized by accumulation of ﬂuid or retinal thickening that can occur at any stage of DR [3,4].”
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009, background): “For a detailed review of the evidence and further discussion of diabetic retinopathy, see the ADA’s technical review and position statement on this subject (268,269).”
Retinal Imaging and Image Analysis (2010, neutral): “tracellular retinal tissue with subsequent fluid accumulation [9], [10].”