Remediation techniques for heavy metal-contaminated soils: Principles and applicability.
By Lianwen Liu, Wei Li, Weiping Song, M. Guo. Science of the Total Environment, 2018
1,489 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Globally there are over 20millionha of land contaminated by the heavy metal(loid)s As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Se, with the present soil concentrations higher than the geo-baseline or regulatory levels. In-situ and ex-situ remediation techniques have been developed to rectify the heavy metal-contaminated sites, including surface capping, encapsulation, landfilling, soil flushing, soil washing, electrokinetic extraction, stabilization, solidification, vitrification, phytoremediation, and bioremediation. These remediation techniques employ containment, extraction/removal, and immobilization mechanisms to reduce the contamination effects through physical, chemical, biological, electrical, and thermal remedy processes. These techniques demonstrate specific advantages, disadvantages, and applicability. In general, in-situ soil remediation is more cost-effective than ex-situ treatment, and contaminant removal/extraction is more favorable than immobilization and containment. Among the available soil remediation techniques, electrokinetic extraction, chemical stabilization, and phytoremediation are at the development stage, while the others have been practiced at full, field scales. Comprehensive assessment indicates that chemical stabilization serves as a temporary soil remediation technique, phytoremediation needs improvement in efficiency, surface capping and landfilling are applicable to small, serious-contamination sites, while solidification and vitrification are the last remediation option. The cost and duration of soil remediation are technique-dependent and site-specific, up to $500ton-1 soil (or $1500m-3 soil or $100m-2 land) and 15years. Treatability studies are crucial to selecting feasible techniques for a soil remediation project, with considerations of the type and degree of contamination, remediation goals, site characteristics, cost effectiveness, implementation time, and public acceptability.
Subfields: Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pollution, Sociology and Political Science
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/74930fd6c8e41285bc688f11d707d60fbcc3f004
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In Pollution
Citations in the corpus
- Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review. (2019, background): “Soil pollution is a type of land degradation that occurs when a range of natural or anthropogenic constituents exceed maximum permissible levels in natural soil environments (Hou and Ok, 2019; Liu et al., 2018).”
- Cadmium stress in plants: A critical review of the effects, mechanisms, and tolerance strategies (2020, background): “Several reports indicated that soil microorganisms help plants under metal stress through accumulation, transformation, and detoxification of PTEs such as Cd (Liu et al., 2018; Meier et al., 2012; Mishra et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017).”