Specialization Across Varieties and North-South Competition

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The domestic battle over the design of non-trade issues in preferential trade agreements (2016, background): “Lowering trade barriers exposes industrialized countries’ labour-intensive businesses to less-developed countries’ highly competitive low-wage producers (Flam and Helpman, 1987; Fontagn e et al., 2008).”
Industry Dynamics and Competition from Low-Wage Countries: Evidence on Italy (2014, unknown): “values can be considered to some extent a good proxy of quality and have been used as such, for instance, by Schott (2004, 2008) and Fontagné et al. (2008). We look at the relation between low-wage import penetration and Italy’s export unit values, relative to low-wage countries’ unit values.”
The Impact of Chinese Import Penetration on the South African Manufacturing Sector (2015, background): “Similar heterogeneity in import prices within disaggregated product categories is found for the US (Schott, 2004 & 2008; Fontagné et al., 2008; Edwards and Lawrence, 2010).”
Markups, quality, and transport costs (2012, methodology): “These unit values are computed from BACI, the database of international trade at the product level developed by Gaulier and Zignago (2008).(28) For each hs6-product and country, average unit value weighted by the quantities are computed.”