Ecological and economic cost-benefit analysis of offshore wind energy

By Brian F. Snyder, M. Kaiser. 2009

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Offshore wind energy potential in China: Under technical, spatial and economic constraints (2011, background): “has been delayed, a large number of studies and discussions regarding resource assessment, economic cost and environmental impact have already been conducted [4-9].”
Potential impacts of wave-powered marine renewable energy installations on marine birds (2010, background): “For marine birds that are restricted to forage in shallow sandy areas suitable for MREIs, displacement could have a disproportionately negative impact (Snyder & Kaiser 2009).”
Effects of ocean sprawl on ecological connectivity: impacts and solutions (2017, methodology): “…from construction-related pile driving have been linked to increased mortality of ﬁ sh eggs and embryos (Banner and Hyatt, 1973), avoidance of construction sites by porpoises (Carstensen et al., 2006) and may also deter ﬁ sh (Snyder and Kaiser, 2009), although there is currently limited evidence.”
The Importance of Benthic Habitats for Coastal Fisheries (2016, background): “…sediments is essential because these areas in both estuarine and marine waters are typically used for offshore energy and other development activities, in part because of an assumption that the ecological impacts will be lower compared with those in other habitat types (Snyder and Kaiser 2009).”