Analysis of the non-linearity in the pattern and time evolution of El Niño southern oscillation

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The eastward shift of the Walker Circulation in response to global warming and its relationship to ENSO variability (2014, methodology): “Another important feature of ENSO variability is its spatial asymmetry (e.g. Hoerling et al. 1997; Rodgers et al. 2004; Yu and Kim 2011; Dommenget et al. 2013), i.e. that the warming of SST during El Niño events occurs further to the east than the SST cooling during La Niña events.”
The Teleconnection of El Niño Southern Oscillation to the Stratosphere (2019, background): “The asymmetry in the location is skewed toward a more eastward location of the SST anomalies for El Niño events (Capotondi et al., 2015; Dommenget et al., 2012), see also Figure 3.”
Strong and moderate nonlinear El Niño regimes (2016, methodology): “This simple approach has been used to model the eastern Pacific ITCZ (Xie and Philander 1994) and explain the asymmetry between EN and LN (Dommenget et al. 2012; Choi et al. 2013).”