Radiative forcing due to sulfate aerosols from simulations with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3

By J. Kiehl, T. Schneider, Philip J. Rasch, M. Barth, J. Wong. 2000

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Substitution of Natural Gas for Coal: Climatic Effects of Utility Sector Emissions (2002, background): “5 Wm−2 for the indirect effect (IPCC, 2001; Adams et al., 2001; Haywood and Boucher, 2000; Kiehl et al., 2000).”
Parameterization of optical properties for hydrated internally mixed aerosol (2007, background): “Kiehl et al. [2000] and Li et al. [2001] developed treatments that are suitable for sulfate aerosol, but not for more general internal mixtures of different aerosol components.”
Single-Scattering Albedo and Radiative Forcing of Various Aerosol Species with a Global Three-Dimensional Model (2002, methodology): “In spite of this agreement, the direct radiative forcing of sulfate aerosols is estimated to be 20.56 W m22 by Kiehl et al. (2000); on the other hand, it was about 20.3 W m22 in three other studies.”
Total aerosol effect: radiative forcing or radiative flux perturbation? (2009, background): “…al.(1994), Boucher and Lohmann(1995), Chuang et al.(1997), Feichter et al.(1997), Lohmann and Feichter(1997), Rotstayn(1999), Lohmann et al.(2000), Kiehl et al.(2000), Jones et al.(2001), Williams et al.(2001), Ghan et al.(2001), Rotstayn and Penner(2001), Chuang et al.(2002),…”
Radiative forcing of climate change (2002, background): “It was generally found to be smaller than unity (Boucher and Lohmann, 1995; Jones and Slingo, 1997; Kiehl et al., 2000).”