Water distribution across the mantle transition zone and its implications for global material circulation

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Electrical Conductivity of Mantle Minerals: Role of Water in Conductivity Anomalies (2013, background): “Recently, conductivity-depth profiles as a function of water content down to the mantle transition zone that use the inconsistent conductivity data have been put forth (Karato 2011, Khan & Shankland 2012, Jones et al. 2012).”
On the origin of the asthenosphere (2012, background): “Once partial melting occurs at ~410-km, the rest of the upwelling mantle materials will always be partially molten until they reach the bottom of the lithosphere (Karato, 2011).”
Origin and evolution of the atmospheres of early Venus, Earth and Mars (2018, background): “That present-day Earth has more water in its interior than in the surface ocean is in the meantime supported by the recent finding of a hydrous mantle transition zone (Karato, 2011; Pearson et al. 2014; Schmandt et al. 2014; Plümper et al. 2017) at depths between 410 and 660 kilometres.”