Breakage of TiO2 agglomerates in electrostatically stabilized aqueous dispersions

By N. Mandzy, E. Grulke, T. Druffel. 2005

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Dispersion of CaCO3 nanoparticles by sonication and surfactant treatment for application in fly ash–cement systems (2014, result): “It is likely that the sedimentation is tied to issues of reaggregation, as observed in another study where the aggregate size of sonicated nanoparticles increased from 500 nm to 3–4 lm [37].”
Effective dispersion of nano-TiO2 powder for enhancement of photocatalytic properties in cement mixes (2013, methodology): “Effect of ultrasonication on phase separation of suspensions in saturated Ca( nano-TiO2 [4,6,10–12,20], but in spite of using low concentration in aqueous media and without the presence of complex ions, none of the studies have succeeded to break particles to their original size by ultrasonication i”
Characterization of size, surface charge, and agglomeration state of nanoparticle dispersions for toxicological studies (2009, background): “This is consistent with previous observations (Mandzy et al. 2005; Teleki et al. 2008).”
A green method for production of nanobiochar by ball milling- optimization and characterization (2017, background): “They observed that after sonication was stopped, nanoparticles reagglomerated back to 3-4 μm range (Hong et al., 2006; Mandzy et al., 2005).”