Migratory birds and spread of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere.

By J. Rappole, S. Derrickson, Z. Hubálek. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2000

618 citations recorded by the source corpus.

West Nile virus, an Old World flavivirus related to St. Louis encephalitis virus, was first recorded in the New World during August 1999 in the borough of Queens, New York City. Through October 1999, 62 patients, 7 of whom died, had confirmed infections with the virus. Ornithophilic mosquitoes are the principal vectors of West Nile virus in the Old World, and birds of several species, chiefly migrants, appear to be the major introductory or amplifying hosts. If transovarial transmission or survival in overwintering mosquitoes were the principal means for its persistence, West Nile virus might not become established in the New World because of aggressive mosquito suppression campaigns conducted in the New York area. However, the pattern of outbreaks in southern Europe suggests that viremic migratory birds may also contribute to movement of the virus. If so, West Nile virus has the potential to cause outbreaks throughout both temperate and tropical regions of the Western Hemisphere.

Subfields: Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/71bc544861ef9c3e982291057fcecd9a950a430e

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Infectious Diseases

1. S. Bensch
2. A. Kilpatrick
3. Dennis Hasselquist

Citations in the corpus

• ECOLOGY OF WEST NILE VIRUS TRANSMISSION AND ITS IMPACT ON BIRDS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE (2007, background): “…are diffi cult to determine but likely include migrating birds, dispersal of nonmigratory birds, movement of mosquitoes by fl ight or wind, and human transport of mosquitoes, birds, or other animals (Rappole et al. 2000; Peterson et al. 2003; Kilpatrick et al. 2004, 2006b; Reisen et al. 2004).”
• The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems. (2002, background): “First, it is known that WN virus moves north in spring and south in fall with migrating birds (25,31,32).”
• Avian migration and the distribution of malaria parasites in New World passerine birds (2017, background): “Many avian parasites potentially could move between temperate and tropical latitudes during the annual migrations of their hosts (Rappole et al., 2000; Zeller & Murgue, 2001; Ricklefs et al., 2005a; Jourdain et al., 2007; Altizer et al., 2011; Møller & Sz ep, 2011; Fuller et al., 2012).”
• Galápagos Birds and Diseases: Invasive Pathogens as Threats for Island Species (2004, background): “The virus is expected to be transported to Central and South America, and from there to the Galápagos by migrating shore and sea birds (cf. Rappole et al. 2000, Malakoff 2002, Malkinson et al. 2001, 2002, Zeller and Murgue 2001, Causey et al. 2003).”
• Migrating Birds as Dispersal Vehicles for West Nile Virus (2006, background): “While migrating birds are thought to transport WNV, evidence for this role remains circumstantial (Rappole et al., 2000; Malkinson et al., 2002; Rappole and Hubálek, 2003).”
• Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions (2004, background): “Spread of WNV in North America follows the flyways of migratory birds (Rappole et al. 2000).”